diff --git a/app/three/SceneView.ts b/app/three/SceneView.ts
index 1f1481a..f769b64 100644
--- a/app/three/SceneView.ts
+++ b/app/three/SceneView.ts
@@ -15,13 +15,8 @@ import {
   WebGLRenderer,
 } from "three";
 import { buildMeshes } from "./utils/build-meshes";
-import { Extent, buildScene } from "./utils/build-scene";
-import {
-  getFrustumIntersections,
-  getMetadata,
-  tileBounds,
-  transform,
-} from "./utils/utils";
+import { Extent, animate, buildScene } from "./utils/build-scene";
+import { getMetadata, tileBounds, transform } from "./utils/utils";
 import { MODEL_ID, SERVICE_URL } from "./config";
 import {
   Orientation,
@@ -177,8 +172,10 @@ export class SceneView extends EventTarget {
   }
 
   toggleTopography() {
-    const topo = this._scene.getObjectByName("topography");
-    if (topo) {
+    const osmTopo = this._scene.getObjectByName("osm-topography");
+    const topo = this._scene.getObjectByName("Topography");
+    if (osmTopo && topo) {
+      osmTopo.visible = !osmTopo.visible;
       topo.visible = !topo.visible;
     }
   }
@@ -471,7 +468,14 @@ async function init(container: HTMLElement, modelId = MODEL_ID) {
   // Build the 3D model
   const meshes = await buildMeshes(mappedFeatures);
   const model = new Group();
-  model.add(...meshes);
+  for (const mesh of meshes) {
+    if (mesh.name !== "Topography") {
+      model.add(mesh);
+    } else {
+      // Add the topography as a separate layer
+      scene.add(mesh);
+    }
+  }
   model.name = "geologic-model";
   scene.add(model);
 
@@ -494,27 +498,18 @@ async function init(container: HTMLElement, modelId = MODEL_ID) {
 
   // Create the map view for OSM topography
   const lod = new LODFrustum();
+  lod.simplifyDistance = 200;
+  lod.subdivideDistance = 120;
 
   const map = new MapView(MapView.PLANAR, provider);
   map.lod = lod;
   map.rotateX(Math.PI / 2);
 
-  map.name = "topography";
+  map.name = "osm-topography";
   map.visible = false;
   scene.add(map);
 
-  controls.addEventListener("change", () => {
-    const tiles: TileData[] = [];
-    camera.updateMatrix();
-
-    const frustumPoints = getFrustumIntersections(camera);
-
-    map.lod.updateLOD(map, camera, renderer, scene);
-    traverse(map.root, extent, tiles, frustumPoints);
-    tiles.sort((a, b) => b.zoom - a.zoom);
-
-    updateTiles(tiles);
-  });
+  renderer.setAnimationLoop(animate(rendererCallback(map, extent)));
 
   return {
     scene,
@@ -526,12 +521,19 @@ async function init(container: HTMLElement, modelId = MODEL_ID) {
   };
 }
 
-function traverse(
-  node: MapPlaneNode,
-  extent: Extent,
-  tiles: TileData[],
-  frustumPoints: Vector3[]
-) {
+function rendererCallback(map: MapView, extent: Extent) {
+  return () => {
+    if (map.visible) {
+      const tiles: TileData[] = [];
+      traverse(map.root, extent, tiles);
+      tiles.sort((a, b) => b.zoom - a.zoom);
+
+      updateTiles(tiles);
+    }
+  };
+}
+
+function traverse(node: MapPlaneNode, extent: Extent, tiles: TileData[]) {
   const bounds = tileBounds(node.level, node.x, node.y);
 
   const xmin = bounds[0];
@@ -545,28 +547,22 @@ function traverse(
     ((ymax >= extent.ymin && ymax <= extent.ymax) ||
       (ymin >= extent.ymin && ymin <= extent.ymax))
   ) {
-    if (
-      frustumPoints.length < 2 ||
-      (((xmax >= frustumPoints[0].x && xmax <= frustumPoints[1].x) ||
-        (xmin >= frustumPoints[0].x && xmin <= frustumPoints[1].x)) &&
-        ((ymax >= frustumPoints[0].y && ymax <= frustumPoints[1].y) ||
-          (ymin >= frustumPoints[0].y && ymin <= frustumPoints[1].y)))
-    ) {
-      const texture = (node.material as MeshPhongMaterial).map;
-      if (texture) {
-        tiles.push({
-          xmin,
-          ymin,
-          xmax,
-          ymax,
-          zoom: node.level,
-          texture,
-        });
-      }
+    const texture = (node.material as MeshPhongMaterial).map;
+    if (texture) {
+      tiles.push({
+        xmin,
+        ymin,
+        xmax,
+        ymax,
+        x: node.x,
+        y: node.y,
+        zoom: node.level,
+        texture,
+      });
     }
   }
 
   for (const c of node.children) {
-    traverse(c as MapPlaneNode, extent, tiles, frustumPoints);
+    traverse(c as MapPlaneNode, extent, tiles);
   }
 }
diff --git a/app/three/ShaderMaterial.ts b/app/three/ShaderMaterial.ts
index 9cb41a4..deeef9f 100644
--- a/app/three/ShaderMaterial.ts
+++ b/app/three/ShaderMaterial.ts
@@ -13,23 +13,42 @@ export interface TileData {
   ymin: number;
   xmax: number;
   ymax: number;
+  x: number;
+  y: number;
   zoom: number;
   texture: Texture;
 }
 
-const maxTiles = 24;
+const maxTiles = 48;
+const width = 256;
+const height = 256;
+const size = width * height;
 
-// Initialize empty texture slots
-const dummyTexture = new Texture();
-dummyTexture.image = document.createElement("canvas");
-dummyTexture.needsUpdate = true;
+const canvas = new OffscreenCanvas(width, height);
+const ctx = canvas.getContext("2d");
+
+const tileBounds = Array(maxTiles).fill(new Vector4(0, 0, 0, 0));
+
+const data = new Uint8Array(4 * size * maxTiles);
+const tileCache: {
+  [key: string]: {
+    imageData: Uint8ClampedArray;
+  };
+} = {};
+
+const dataArrayTexture = new DataArrayTexture(data, width, height, maxTiles);
+dataArrayTexture.format = RGBAFormat;
+dataArrayTexture.generateMipmaps = false;
+dataArrayTexture.magFilter = LinearFilter;
+dataArrayTexture.minFilter = LinearFilter;
+dataArrayTexture.needsUpdate = true;
 
 // Create shader material
 export const shaderMaterial = new ShaderMaterial({
   uniforms: {
-    tileBounds: { value: Array(maxTiles).fill(new Vector4(0, 0, 0, 0)) },
-    tileCount: { value: 0 },
-    tiles: { value: null },
+    tileBounds: { value: tileBounds },
+    tileCount: { value: maxTiles },
+    tiles: { value: dataArrayTexture },
   },
   vertexShader:
     ShaderChunk.common +
@@ -91,54 +110,42 @@ export function updateTiles(newTiles: TileData[]) {
     newTiles = newTiles.slice(0, maxTiles);
   }
 
-  const textures = newTiles.map((t) => t.texture);
-  const bounds = newTiles.map(
-    (t) => new Vector4(t.xmin, t.xmax, t.ymin, t.ymax)
-  );
-
-  // Fill remaining slots with dummy data to maintain uniform array size
-  while (textures.length < maxTiles) {
-    textures.push(dummyTexture);
-    bounds.push(new Vector4(0, 0, 0, 0));
+  for (let i = 0; i < newTiles.length; i++) {
+    updateDataArrayTexture(newTiles[i], i);
   }
 
-  // Update shader uniforms
-  shaderMaterial.uniforms.tileBounds.value = bounds;
-  shaderMaterial.uniforms.tileCount.value = newTiles.length;
-  shaderMaterial.uniforms.tiles.value = createDataArrayTexture(textures);
+  dataArrayTexture.needsUpdate = true;
 }
 
-// Create a buffer with color data
-const width = 256;
-const height = 256;
-const size = width * height;
-function createDataArrayTexture(textures: Texture[]) {
-  const depth = textures.length;
+// Update buffer
+function updateDataArrayTexture(tileData: TileData, index: number) {
+  const k = getTileDataKey(tileData);
+  const cachedData = tileCache[k]?.imageData;
 
-  const data = new Uint8Array(4 * size * depth);
-
-  for (let i = 0; i < depth; i++) {
-    const texture = textures[i];
-    const imageData = getImageData(texture);
+  if (cachedData) {
+    tileBounds[index] = getTileBounds(tileData);
+    data.set(cachedData, index * size * 4);
+  } else {
+    const imageData = getImageData(tileData.texture);
 
     if (imageData) {
-      data.set(imageData, i * size * 4);
+      // Update cache and buffer
+      tileCache[k] = { imageData };
+      tileBounds[index] = getTileBounds(tileData);
+      data.set(imageData, index * size * 4);
     }
   }
+}
 
-  // Use the buffer to create a DataArrayTexture
-  const texture = new DataArrayTexture(data, width, height, depth);
-  texture.format = RGBAFormat;
-  texture.generateMipmaps = false;
-  texture.magFilter = LinearFilter;
-  texture.minFilter = LinearFilter;
-  texture.needsUpdate = true;
-  return texture;
+function getTileDataKey(t: TileData) {
+  return `${t.zoom}/${t.x}/${t.y}`;
+}
+
+function getTileBounds(t: TileData) {
+  return new Vector4(t.xmin, t.xmax, t.ymin, t.ymax);
 }
 
 // Create a canvas and draw the image on it
-const canvas = new OffscreenCanvas(width, height);
-const ctx = canvas.getContext("2d");
 function getImageData(texture: Texture) {
   const image = texture.source.data;
 
diff --git a/app/three/utils/build-scene.ts b/app/three/utils/build-scene.ts
index a33fec2..805ea9b 100644
--- a/app/three/utils/build-scene.ts
+++ b/app/three/utils/build-scene.ts
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ export function buildScene(container: HTMLElement, extent: Extent) {
   renderer.setSize(width, height);
   renderer.localClippingEnabled = true;
   renderer.autoClear = false;
-  renderer.setAnimationLoop(animate);
+  // renderer.setAnimationLoop(animate);
 
   // Handle window resize event to adapt the aspect ratio
   window.addEventListener("resize", () => onWindowResize(container));
@@ -121,14 +121,19 @@ function onWindowResize(container: HTMLElement) {
   controls.update();
 }
 
-function animate() {
-  // Update controls for main camera
-  controls.update();
+// Callback for animation loop
+export function animate(cb: () => void) {
+  return () => {
+    // Update controls for main camera
+    controls.update();
 
-  renderer.render(scene, camera);
+    renderer.render(scene, camera);
 
-  // Render the UI overlay
-  renderOverlay();
+    // Render the UI overlay
+    renderOverlay();
+
+    cb();
+  };
 }
 
 // Render the overlay scene as an overlay
diff --git a/app/three/utils/utils.ts b/app/three/utils/utils.ts
index ccf60bf..3815546 100644
--- a/app/three/utils/utils.ts
+++ b/app/three/utils/utils.ts
@@ -90,9 +90,14 @@ export function tileBounds(zoom: number, x: number, y: number): number[] {
 
 const plane = new Plane(new Vector3(0, 0, 1), 0);
 
-const corners = [new Vector2(-1, -1), new Vector2(1, 1)];
+const corners = [
+  new Vector2(-1, -1),
+  new Vector2(1, 1),
+  new Vector2(-1, 1),
+  new Vector2(1, -1),
+];
 
-export const getFrustumIntersections = (camera: PerspectiveCamera) => {
+export const getFrustumBoundingBox = (camera: PerspectiveCamera) => {
   const points = [];
 
   const raycaster = new Raycaster();
@@ -112,13 +117,13 @@ export const getFrustumIntersections = (camera: PerspectiveCamera) => {
   if (points.length > 1) {
     return [
       new Vector3(
-        Math.min(points[0].x, points[1].x),
-        Math.min(points[0].y, points[1].y),
+        Math.min(points[0].x, points[1].x, points[2].x, points[3].x),
+        Math.min(points[0].y, points[1].y, points[2].y, points[3].y),
         0
       ),
       new Vector3(
-        Math.max(points[0].x, points[1].x),
-        Math.max(points[0].y, points[1].y),
+        Math.max(points[0].x, points[1].x, points[2].x, points[3].x),
+        Math.max(points[0].y, points[1].y, points[2].y, points[3].y),
         0
       ),
     ];